Propiedades termodinámicas estándar para sustancias seleccionadas | |||
---|---|---|---|
Sustancia | ΔHf° (kJ mol–1) | ΔGf° (kJ mol–1) | S° (J K–1 mol–1) |
aluminio | |||
Al(s) | 0 | 0 | 28.3 |
Al(g) | 324.4 | 285.7 | 164.54 |
Al3+(aq) | –531 | –485 | –321.7 |
Al2O3(s) | –1676 | –1582 | 50.92 |
AlF3(s) | –1510.4 | –1425 | 66.5 |
AlCl3(s) | –704.2 | –628.8 | 110.67 |
AlCl3·6H2O(s) | –2691.57 | –2269.40 | 376.56 |
Al2S3(s) | –724.0 | –492.4 | 116.9 |
Al2(SO4)3(s) | –3445.06 | –3506.61 | 239.32 |
antinomio | |||
Sb(s) | 0 | 0 | 45.69 |
Sb(g) | 262.34 | 222.17 | 180.16 |
Sb4O6(s) | –1440.55 | –1268.17 | 220.92 |
SbCl3(g) | –313.8 | –301.2 | 337.80 |
SbCl5(g) | –394.34 | –334.29 | 401.94 |
Sb2S3(s) | –174.89 | –173.64 | 182.00 |
SbCl3(s) | –382.17 | –323.72 | 184.10 |
SbOCl(s) | –374.0 | — | — |
arsénico | |||
As(s) | 0 | 0 | 35.1 |
As(g) | 302.5 | 261.0 | 174.21 |
As4(g) | 143.9 | 92.4 | 314 |
As4O6(s) | –1313.94 | –1152.52 | 214.22 |
As2O5(s) | –924.87 | –782.41 | 105.44 |
AsCl3(g) | –261.50 | –248.95 | 327.06 |
As2S3(s) | –169.03 | –168.62 | 163.59 |
AsH3(g) | 66.44 | 68.93 | 222.78 |
H3AsO4(s) | –906.3 | — | — |
bario | |||
Ba(s) | 0 | 0 | 62.5 |
Ba(g) | 180 | 146 | 170.24 |
Ba2+(aq) | –537.6 | –560.8 | 9.6 |
BaO(s) | –548.0 | –520.3 | 72.1 |
BaCl2(s) | –855.0 | –806.7 | 123.7 |
BaSO4(s) | –1473.2 | –1362.3 | 132.2 |
berilio | |||
Be(s) | 0 | 0 | 9.50 |
Be(g) | 324.3 | 286.6 | 136.27 |
BeO(s) | –609.4 | –580.1 | 13.8 |
bismuto | |||
Bi(s) | 0 | 0 | 56.74 |
Bi(g) | 207.1 | 168.2 | 187.00 |
Bi2O3(s) | –573.88 | –493.7 | 151.5 |
BiCl3(s) | –379.07 | –315.06 | 176.98 |
Bi2S3(s) | –143.1 | –140.6 | 200.4 |
boro | |||
B(s) | 0 | 0 | 5.86 |
B(g) | 565.0 | 521.0 | 153.4 |
B2O3(s) | –1273.5 | –1194.3 | 53.97 |
B2H6(g) | 36.4 | 87.6 | 232.1 |
H3BO3(s) | –1094.33 | –968.92 | 88.83 |
BF3(g) | –1136.0 | –1119.4 | 254.4 |
BCl3(g) | –403.8 | –388.7 | 290.1 |
B3N3H6(l) | –540.99 | –392.79 | 199.58 |
HBO2(s) | –794.25 | –723.41 | 37.66 |
bromo | |||
Br2(l) | 0 | 0 | 152.23 |
Br2(g) | 30.91 | 3.142 | 245.5 |
Br(g) | 111.88 | 82.429 | 175.0 |
Br–(aq) | –120.9 | –102.82 | 80.71 |
BrF3(g) | –255.60 | –229.45 | 292.42 |
HBr(g) | –36.3 | –53.43 | 198.7 |
cadmio | |||
Cd(s) | 0 | 0 | 51.76 |
Cd(g) | 112.01 | 77.41 | 167.75 |
Cd2+(aq) | –75.90 | –77.61 | –73.2 |
CdO(s) | –258.2 | –228.4 | 54.8 |
CdCl2(s) | –391.5 | –343.9 | 115.3 |
CdSO4(s) | –933.3 | –822.7 | 123.0 |
CdS(s) | –161.9 | –156.5 | 64.9 |
calcio | |||
Ca(s) | 0 | 0 | 41.6 |
Ca(g) | 178.2 | 144.3 | 154.88 |
Ca2+(aq) | –542.96 | –553.04 | –55.2 |
CaO(s) | –634.9 | –603.3 | 38.1 |
Ca(OH)2(s) | –985.2 | –897.5 | 83.4 |
CaSO4(s) | –1434.5 | –1322.0 | 106.5 |
CaSO4·2H2O(s) | –2022.63 | –1797.45 | 194.14 |
CaCO3(s) (calcite) | –1220.0 | –1081.4 | 110.0 |
CaSO3·H2O(s) | –1752.68 | –1555.19 | 184.10 |
carbono | |||
C(s) (graphite) | 0 | 0 | 5.740 |
C(s) (diamond) | 1.89 | 2.90 | 2.38 |
C(g) | 716.681 | 671.2 | 158.1 |
CO(g) | –110.52 | –137.15 | 197.7 |
CO2(g) | –393.51 | –394.36 | 213.8 |
CO3 2–(aq) | –677.1 | –527.8 | –56.9 |
CH4(g) | –74.6 | –50.5 | 186.3 |
CH3OH(l) | –239.2 | –166.6 | 126.8 |
CH3OH(g) | –201.0 | –162.3 | 239.9 |
CCl4(l) | –128.2 | –62.5 | 214.4 |
CCl4(g) | –95.7 | –58.2 | 309.7 |
CHCl3(l) | –134.1 | –73.7 | 201.7 |
CHCl3(g) | –103.14 | –70.34 | 295.71 |
CS2(l) | 89.70 | 65.27 | 151.34 |
CS2(g) | 116.9 | 66.8 | 238.0 |
C2H2(g) | 227.4 | 209.2 | 200.9 |
C2H4(g) | 52.4 | 68.4 | 219.3 |
C2H6(g) | –84.0 | –32.0 | 229.2 |
CH3CO2H(l) | –484.3 | –389.9 | 159.8 |
CH3CO2H(g) | –434.84 | –376.69 | 282.50 |
C2H5OH(l) | –277.6 | –174.8 | 160.7 |
C2H5OH(g) | –234.8 | –167.9 | 281.6 |
HCO3 –(aq) | –691.11 | –587.06 | 95 |
C3H8(g) | –103.8 | –23.4 | 270.3 |
C6H6(g) | 82.927 | 129.66 | 269.2 |
C6H6(l) | 49.1 | 124.50 | 173.4 |
CH2Cl2(l) | –124.2 | –63.2 | 177.8 |
CH2Cl2(g) | –95.4 | –65.90 | 270.2 |
CH3Cl(g) | –81.9 | –60.2 | 234.6 |
C2H5Cl(l) | –136.52 | –59.31 | 190.79 |
C2H5Cl(g) | –112.17 | –60.39 | 276.00 |
C2N2(g) | 308.98 | 297.36 | 241.90 |
HCN(l) | 108.9 | 125.0 | 112.8 |
HCN(g) | 135.5 | 124.7 | 201.8 |
cesio | |||
Cs+(aq) | –248 | –282.0 | 133 |
cloro | |||
Cl2(g) | 0 | 0 | 223.1 |
Cl(g) | 121.3 | 105.70 | 165.2 |
Cl–(aq) | –167.2 | –131.2 | 56.5 |
ClF(g) | –54.48 | –55.94 | 217.78 |
ClF3(g) | –158.99 | –118.83 | 281.50 |
Cl2O(g) | 80.3 | 97.9 | 266.2 |
Cl2O7(l) | 238.1 | — | — |
Cl2O7(g) | 272.0 | — | — |
HCl(g) | –92.307 | –95.299 | 186.9 |
HClO4(l) | –40.58 | — | — |
cromo | |||
Cr(s) | 0 | 0 | 23.77 |
Cr(g) | 396.6 | 351.8 | 174.50 |
CrO4 2–(aq) | –881.2 | –727.8 | 50.21 |
Cr2O7 2–(aq) | –1490.3 | –1301.1 | 261.9 |
Cr2O3(s) | –1139.7 | –1058.1 | 81.2 |
CrO3(s) | –589.5 | — | — |
(NH4)2Cr2O7(s) | –1806.7 | — | — |
cobalto | |||
Co(s) | 0 | 0 | 30.0 |
Co2+(aq) | –67.4 | –51.5 | –155 |
Co3+(aq) | 92 | 134 | –305.0 |
CoO(s) | –237.9 | –214.2 | 52.97 |
Co3O4(s) | –910.02 | –794.98 | 114.22 |
Co(NO3)2(s) | –420.5 | — | — |
cobre | |||
Cu(s) | 0 | 0 | 33.15 |
Cu(g) | 338.32 | 298.58 | 166.38 |
Cu+(aq) | 51.9 | 50.2 | –26 |
Cu2+(aq) | 64.77 | 65.49 | –99.6 |
CuO(s) | –157.3 | –129.7 | 42.63 |
Cu2O(s) | –168.6 | –146.0 | 93.14 |
CuS(s) | –53.1 | –53.6 | 66.5 |
Cu2S(s) | –79.5 | –86.2 | 120.9 |
CuSO4(s) | –771.36 | –662.2 | 109.2 |
Cu(NO3)2(s) | –302.9 | — | — |
fluor | |||
F2(g) | 0 | 0 | 202.8 |
F(g) | 79.4 | 62.3 | 158.8 |
F–(aq) | –332.6 | –278.8 | –13.8 |
F2O(g) | 24.7 | 41.9 | 247.43 |
HF(g) | –273.3 | –275.4 | 173.8 |
hidrógeno | |||
H2(g) | 0 | 0 | 130.7 |
H(g) | 217.97 | 203.26 | 114.7 |
H+(aq) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
OH–(aq) | –230.0 | –157.2 | –10.75 |
H3O+(aq) | –285.8 | 69.91 | |
H2O(l) | –285.83 | –237.1 | 70.0 |
H2O(g) | –241.82 | –228.59 | 188.8 |
H2O2(l) | –187.78 | –120.35 | 109.6 |
H2O2(g) | –136.3 | –105.6 | 232.7 |
HF(g) | –273.3 | –275.4 | 173.8 |
HCl(g) | –92.307 | –95.299 | 186.9 |
HBr(g) | –36.3 | –53.43 | 198.7 |
HI(g) | 26.48 | 1.70 | 206.59 |
H2S(g) | –20.6 | –33.4 | 205.8 |
H2Se(g) | 29.7 | 15.9 | 219.0 |
HNO3 | –206.64 | — | — |
Yodo | |||
I2(s) | 0 | 0 | 116.14 |
I2(g) | 62.438 | 19.3 | 260.7 |
I(g) | 106.84 | 70.2 | 180.8 |
I–(aq) | –55.19 | –51.57 | 11.13 |
IF(g) | 95.65 | –118.49 | 236.06 |
ICl(g) | 17.78 | –5.44 | 247.44 |
IBr(g) | 40.84 | 3.72 | 258.66 |
IF7(g) | –943.91 | –818.39 | 346.44 |
HI(g) | 26.48 | 1.70 | 206.59 |
hierro | |||
Fe(s) | 0 | 0 | 27.3 |
Fe(g) | 416.3 | 370.7 | 180.5 |
Fe2+(aq) | –89.1 | –78.90 | –137.7 |
Fe3+(aq) | –48.5 | –4.7 | –315.9 |
Fe2O3(s) | –824.2 | –742.2 | 87.40 |
Fe3O4(s) | –1118.4 | –1015.4 | 146.4 |
Fe(CO)5(l) | –774.04 | –705.42 | 338.07 |
Fe(CO)5(g) | –733.87 | –697.26 | 445.18 |
FeCl2(s) | –341.79 | –302.30 | 117.95 |
FeCl3(s) | –399.49 | –334.00 | 142.3 |
FeO(s) | –272.0 | –255.2 | 60.75 |
Fe(OH)2(s) | –569.0 | –486.5 | 88. |
Fe(OH)3(s) | –823.0 | –696.5 | 106.7 |
FeS(s) | –100.0 | –100.4 | 60.29 |
Fe3C(s) | 25.10 | 20.08 | 104.60 |
plomo | |||
Pb(s) | 0 | 0 | 64.81 |
Pb(g) | 195.2 | 162. | 175.4 |
Pb2+(aq) | –1.7 | –24.43 | 10.5 |
PbO(s) (yellow) | –217.32 | –187.89 | 68.70 |
PbO(s) (red) | –218.99 | –188.93 | 66.5 |
Pb(OH)2(s) | –515.9 | — | — |
PbS(s) | –100.4 | –98.7 | 91.2 |
Pb(NO3)2(s) | –451.9 | — | — |
PbO2(s) | –277.4 | –217.3 | 68.6 |
PbCl2(s) | –359.4 | –314.1 | 136.0 |
litio | |||
Li(s) | 0 | 0 | 29.1 |
Li(g) | 159.3 | 126.6 | 138.8 |
Li+(aq) | –278.5 | –293.3 | 13.4 |
LiH(s) | –90.5 | –68.3 | 20.0 |
Li(OH)(s) | –487.5 | –441.5 | 42.8 |
LiF(s) | –616.0 | –587.5 | 35.7 |
Li2CO3(s) | –1216.04 | –1132.19 | 90.17 |
magnesio | |||
Mg2+(aq) | –466.9 | –454.8 | –138.1 |
manganeso | |||
Mn(s) | 0 | 0 | 32.0 |
Mn(g) | 280.7 | 238.5 | 173.7 |
Mn2+(aq) | –220.8 | –228.1 | –73.6 |
MnO(s) | –385.2 | –362.9 | 59.71 |
MnO2(s) | –520.03 | –465.1 | 53.05 |
Mn2O3(s) | –958.97 | –881.15 | 110.46 |
Mn3O4(s) | –1378.83 | –1283.23 | 155.64 |
MnO4 –(aq) | –541.4 | –447.2 | 191.2 |
MnO4 2–(aq) | –653.0 | –500.7 | 59 |
mercurio | |||
Hg(l) | 0 | 0 | 75.9 |
Hg(g) | 61.4 | 31.8 | 175.0 |
Hg2+(aq) | 164.8 | ||
Hg2+(aq) | 172.4 | 153.9 | 84.5 |
HgO(s) (red) | –90.83 | –58.5 | 70.29 |
HgO(s) (yellow) | –90.46 | –58.43 | 71.13 |
HgCl2(s) | –224.3 | –178.6 | 146.0 |
Hg2Cl2(s) | –265.4 | –210.7 | 191.6 |
HgS(s) (red) | –58.16 | –50.6 | 82.4 |
HgS(s) (black) | –53.56 | –47.70 | 88.28 |
HgSO4(s) | –707.51 | –594.13 | 0.00 |
níkel | |||
Ni2+(aq) | –64.0 | –46.4 | –159 |
nitrógeno | |||
N2(g) | 0 | 0 | 191.6 |
N(g) | 472.704 | 455.5 | 153.3 |
NO(g) | 90.25 | 87.6 | 210.8 |
NO2(g) | 33.2 | 51.30 | 240.1 |
N2O(g) | 81.6 | 103.7 | 220.0 |
N2O3(g) | 83.72 | 139.41 | 312.17 |
NO3 –(aq) | –205.0 | –108.7 | 146.4 |
N2O4(g) | 11.1 | 99.8 | 304.4 |
N2O5(g) | 11.3 | 115.1 | 355.7 |
NH3(g) | –45.9 | –16.5 | 192.8 |
NH4 +(aq) | –132.5 | –79.31 | 113.4 |
N2H4(l) | 50.63 | 149.43 | 121.21 |
N2H4(g) | 95.4 | 159.4 | 238.5 |
NH4NO3(s) | –365.56 | –183.87 | 151.08 |
NH4Cl(s) | –314.43 | –202.87 | 94.6 |
NH4Br(s) | –270.8 | –175.2 | 113.0 |
NH4I(s) | –201.4 | –112.5 | 117.0 |
NH4NO2(s) | –256.5 | — | — |
HNO3(l) | –174.1 | –80.7 | 155.6 |
HNO3(g) | –133.9 | –73.5 | 266.9 |
oxígeno | |||
O2(g) | 0 | 0 | 205.2 |
O(g) | 249.17 | 231.7 | 161.1 |
O3(g) | 142.7 | 163.2 | 238.9 |
fósforo | |||
P4(s) | 0 | 0 | 164.4 |
P4(g) | 58.91 | 24.4 | 280.0 |
P(g) | 314.64 | 278.25 | 163.19 |
PH3(g) | 5.4 | 13.5 | 210.2 |
PCl3(g) | –287.0 | –267.8 | 311.78 |
PCl5(g) | –374.9 | –305.0 | 364.4 |
P4O6(s) | –1640.1 | — | — |
P4O10(s) | –2984.0 | –2697.0 | 228.86 |
PO4 3–(aq) | –1277 | –1019 | –222 |
HPO3(s) | –948.5 | — | — |
HPO4 2–(aq) | –1292.1 | –1089.3 | –33 |
H2PO4 2–(aq) | –1296.3 | –1130.4 | 90.4 |
H3PO2(s) | –604.6 | — | — |
H3PO3(s) | –964.4 | — | — |
H3PO4(s) | –1279.0 | –1119.1 | 110.50 |
H3PO4(l) | –1266.9 | –1124.3 | 110.5 |
H4P2O7(s) | –2241.0 | — | — |
POCl3(l) | –597.1 | –520.8 | 222.5 |
POCl3(g) | –558.5 | –512.9 | 325.5 |
potasio | |||
K(s) | 0 | 0 | 64.7 |
K(g) | 89.0 | 60.5 | 160.3 |
K+(aq) | –252.4 | –283.3 | 102.5 |
KF(s) | –576.27 | –537.75 | 66.57 |
KCl(s) | –436.5 | –408.5 | 82.6 |
rubidio | |||
Rb+(aq) | –246 | –282.2 | 124 |
silicio | |||
Si(s) | 0 | 0 | 18.8 |
Si(g) | 450.0 | 405.5 | 168.0 |
SiO2(s) | –910.7 | –856.3 | 41.5 |
SiH4(g) | 34.3 | 56.9 | 204.6 |
H2SiO3(s) | –1188.67 | –1092.44 | 133.89 |
H4SiO4(s) | –1481.14 | –1333.02 | 192.46 |
SiF4(g) | –1615.0 | –1572.8 | 282.8 |
SiCl4(l) | –687.0 | –619.8 | 239.7 |
SiCl4(g) | –662.75 | –622.58 | 330.62 |
SiC(s, beta cubic) | –73.22 | –70.71 | 16.61 |
SiC(s, alpha hexagonal) | –71.55 | –69.04 | 16.48 |
plata | |||
Ag(s) | 0 | 0 | 42.55 |
Ag(g) | 284.9 | 246.0 | 172.89 |
Ag+(aq) | 105.6 | 77.11 | 72.68 |
Ag2O(s) | –31.05 | –11.20 | 121.3 |
AgCl(s) | –127.0 | –109.8 | 96.3 |
Ag2S(s) | –32.6 | –40.7 | 144.0 |
sodio | |||
Na(s) | 0 | 0 | 51.3 |
Na(g) | 107.5 | 77.0 | 153.7 |
Na+(aq) | –240.1 | –261.9 | 59 |
Na2O(s) | –414.2 | –375.5 | 75.1 |
NaCl(s) | –411.2 | –384.1 | 72.1 |
estroncio | |||
Sr2+(aq) | –545.8 | –557.3 | –32.6 |
azufre | |||
S8(s) (rhombic) | 0 | 0 | 256.8 |
S(g) | 278.81 | 238.25 | 167.82 |
S2–(aq) | 41.8 | 83.7 | 22 |
SO2(g) | –296.83 | –300.1 | 248.2 |
SO3(g) | –395.72 | –371.06 | 256.76 |
SO4 2–(aq) | –909.3 | –744.5 | 20.1 |
S2O3 2–(aq) | –648.5 | –522.5 | 67 |
H2S(g) | –20.6 | –33.4 | 205.8 |
HS–(aq) | –17.7 | 12.6 | 61.1 |
H2SO4(l) | –813.989 | 690.00 | 156.90 |
HSO4 2–(aq) | –885.75 | –752.87 | 126.9 |
H2S2O7(s) | –1273.6 | — | — |
SF4(g) | –728.43 | –684.84 | 291.12 |
SF6(g) | –1220.5 | –1116.5 | 291.5 |
SCl2(l) | –50 | — | — |
SCl2(g) | –19.7 | — | — |
S2Cl2(l) | –59.4 | — | — |
S2Cl2(g) | –19.50 | –29.25 | 319.45 |
SOCl2(g) | –212.55 | –198.32 | 309.66 |
SOCl2(l) | –245.6 | — | — |
SO2Cl2(l) | –394.1 | — | — |
SO2Cl2(g) | –354.80 | –310.45 | 311.83 |
estaño | |||
Sn(s) | 0 | 0 | 51.2 |
Sn(g) | 301.2 | 266.2 | 168.5 |
SnO(s) | –285.8 | –256.9 | 56.5 |
SnO2(s) | –577.6 | –515.8 | 49.0 |
SnCl4(l) | –511.3 | –440.1 | 258.6 |
SnCl4(g) | –471.5 | –432.2 | 365.8 |
titanio | |||
Ti(s) | 0 | 0 | 30.7 |
Ti(g) | 473.0 | 428.4 | 180.3 |
TiO2(s) | –944.0 | –888.8 | 50.6 |
TiCl4(l) | –804.2 | –737.2 | 252.4 |
TiCl4(g) | –763.2 | –726.3 | 353.2 |
tungsteno | |||
W(s) | 0 | 0 | 32.6 |
W(g) | 849.4 | 807.1 | 174.0 |
WO3(s) | –842.9 | –764.0 | 75.9 |
zinc | |||
Zn(s) | 0 | 0 | 41.6 |
Zn(g) | 130.73 | 95.14 | 160.98 |
Zn2+(aq) | –153.9 | –147.1 | –112.1 |
ZnO(s) | –350.5 | –320.5 | 43.7 |
ZnCl2(s) | –415.1 | –369.43 | 111.5 |
ZnS(s) | –206.0 | –201.3 | 57.7 |
ZnSO4(s) | –982.8 | –871.5 | 110.5 |
ZnCO3(s) | –812.78 | –731.57 | 82.42 |
complejos | |||
[Co(NH3)4(NO2)2]NO3, cis | –898.7 | — | — |
[Co(NH3)4(NO2)2]NO3, trans | –896.2 | — | — |
NH4[Co(NH3)2(NO2)4] | –837.6 | — | — |
[Co(NH3)6][Co(NH3)2(NO2)4]3 | –2733.0 | — | — |
[Co(NH3)4Cl2]Cl, cis | –874.9 | — | — |
[Co(NH3)4Cl2]Cl, trans | –877.4 | — | — |
[Co(en)2(NO2)2]NO3, cis | –689.5 | — | — |
[Co(en)2Cl2]Cl, cis | –681.2 | — | — |
[Co(en)2Cl2]Cl, trans | –677.4 | — | — |
[Co(en)3](ClO4)3 | –762.7 | — | — |
[Co(en)3]Br2 | –595.8 | — | — |
[Co(en)3]I2 | –475.3 | — | — |
[Co(en)3]I3 | –519.2 | — | — |
[Co(NH3)6](ClO4)3 | –1034.7 | –221.1 | 615 |
[Co(NH3)5NO2](NO3)2 | –1088.7 | –412.9 | 331 |
[Co(NH3)6](NO3)3 | –1282.0 | –524.5 | 448 |
[Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2 | –1017.1 | –582.5 | 366.1 |
[Pt(NH3)4]Cl2 | –725.5 | — | — |
[Ni(NH3)6]Cl2 | –994.1 | — | — |
[Ni(NH3)6]Br2 | –923.8 | — | — |
[Ni(NH3)6]I2 | –808.3 | — | — |